Dinosaurs of the

Science and dinosaurs became acquainted around 1815 through a gentleman named William Buckland. Buckland had acquired some large fossil bones from Stonefield quarries near Oxford, England. Buckland recognized these bones as belonging to what appeared to be a lizard of enormous size. He named his find Megalosaurus which means "Great Lizard." According to his calculations, the animal must have exceeded forty feet in length and weighed as much as a large elephant.

Though Buckland was not the first person to find a Megalosaurus bone (Robert Plot described one as far back as 1676) he was the first to realize that these fossils belonged to an unknown class of huge reptiles.

In 1842 Richard Owen, of England, wrote an article reviewing the fossil evidence of these large reptiles. By then three species were well known: Megaloasurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus. Owen noted that all three animals had similar structures in their vertebrae and decided that they should all belong to a new sub-order of the Saurian order. He coined the term of this sub-order Dinosauria, or "terrible lizards" and the name stuck.

These huge lizards fired the imagination of 19th century scientists and the general public alike. People marveled at the drawings made from their early study of dinosaur fossils. Scientists fought over excavation sites so they could be the first to discover and name new species.

One early fan of dinosaurs was Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert. He often attended Owen's lectures and in 1852 was instrumental in convincing Owen to assist in creating an outdoor exhibit of prehistoric creatures based on Owen's ideas about how the creatures looked.

The Monsters of Sydenham Park

In 1854 Benjamin Hawkins, a sculptor, was commissioned to make the full-size concrete replicas of the dinosaurs and other extinct reptiles for Sydenham Park just outside of London. The park was the new home of a huge glass building known as the Crystal Palace which had housed the Great Exhibition of 1851. The animals, designed by Owens and built by Hawkins, were displayed in a natural setting. They included Igauanodon, Hylaeosaurus, Megalosaurus, Plesiosaurus and Ichthyosurus. The last two (being marine reptiles) were shown swimming in a shallow lake.

The exhibit opened with much fanfare. On the first night a dinner was held for twenty-one distinguished scientific guests in the belly of one of the giant igauanodon statues. Invitations to this gala event were sent out on artificial pterodactyl wings. The scientists attending the dinner were so boisterous, due to the large amount of alcohol they consumed, that their singing could be heard across the entire park.

Owen's and Hawkins' interpretation of the creature's appearances affected how dinosaurs and other large extinct reptiles were drawn and viewed for a good twenty-five years. The truth is that the men had very few bones to work with and their interpretations were based as much on conjecture as physical evidence. Owens instructed Hawkins to make the creatures look more like mammals than reptiles because it fit his scientific theories. We now know that dinosaurs looked quite different from the spectacular models Hawkins produced. Still, the exhibit was a huge success. Though the Crystal Palace burned to the ground in 1936, Hawkin's models can still be seen today in Sydenham Park south of London.

So far dinosaurs had only been found in Europe. In 1858, however, the first American dinosaur was found in the small town of Haddonfield, New Jersey. The creature was named Hadrosaurus foulkii, after the town and the discoverer, William Parker Foulke, and aroused interest in dinosaurs in the United States. The Hadrosaurus was an extremely important find. It was the first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton ever seen and taught scientists that at least some dinosaurs walked upright on two feet. Up to this point most scientists had thought that all dinosaurs walked on four feet like other reptiles.

The Museum That Never Was

One-hundred miles north of Haddonfield in New York City, success of the Crystal Palace dinosaurs in London reached the ears of Andrew Green, head of the Board of Commissioners of Central Park. At that time, in 1868, the park was under construction. Green decided a Paleozoic Museum, like the one at Sydenham, would be a nice addition. He wrote to Hawkins saying, "It gives me great pleasure to propose to you to undertake the resuscitation of a group of animals of the former periods of the American continent."

New York City at that time had no significant natural history museum or society and was jealous of cities like Philadelphia which had the Academy of Natural Sciences. Green felt that the paleozoic museum would bring a "degree of culture and advancement" to the city.

Hawkins came to the United States and established a workshop in Central Park to build the molds necessary to cast the prehistoric creatures. The museum was to be quite spectacular. An iron framework held up by columns was to cover a small park. In the park, replicas of two Hadrosaurs were to be shown under attack by the carnivorous LaeLaps. In a shallow lake the marine reptile Elasmosaurus would frolic. Extinct mammals, including mastodons, giant sloths, giant elk, and giant armadillos would also be featured. The price tag for the project was $300,000.

Hawkins persisted, however, and Tweed decided more drastic action was needed. A year later thugs, sent by Tweed, broke into the workshop and smashed the dinosaurs with sledge hammers. Later, they came back and did the same to Hawkins' molds and small scale models. Hawkins was shocked and disgusted with this episode and after a stint on the staff at Princeton University, returned to England. And so the Great Paleozoic Museum of Central Park became the museum that never was.

The Great Bone War

The Elasmosaurus that was to be featured in the Great Paleozoic Museum was a recent discovery of a scientist named Edward Drinker Cope. Cope was associated with the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia and spent much of his time in Haddonfield, New Jersey, where the first American dinosaur had been dug up in 1858. Cope had an arrangement with the quarries in the area to sell him any fossil bones they found.

In the spring of 1868 Cope invited another distinguished scientist, Othniel Charles Marsh from Yale University and the Peabody Museum in Connecticut, to visit him. Cope showed Marsh around the area quarries. To Cope's surprise, soon afterward the stream of fossils he was getting from these quarries dried up. Cope investigated and concluded that Marsh had paid off the quarry owners to have new fossils sent to him. This incident sparked a feud between the two men that would last almost thirty years.

In 1870 the rivalry was raised to a new level. Cope had just finished piecing together the skeleton of the elasmosaurus. The elasmosaurus (whose name means "Plated Reptile") was a long-necked, long-tailed marine reptile that lived at the same time as the dinosaurs. Marsh examined Cope's work and realized Cope had made the mistake of mounting the head on the end of the tail. In an article he wrote Marsh jokingly suggested that Cope should have named the creature Steptosaurus, which means "twisted reptile." Cope was mortified and attempted to buy up all the pictures of his mistaken reconstruction and have them replaced with corrected versions. Cope didn't get them all, though, and some drawings depicting the elasmosaurus with its head on the short end, which is the wrong end, survive .

The next year Cope returned the favor to Marsh by stealing away one of his assistants and digging in one of his excavations in Kansas. Neither Cope nor Marsh did much of the actual shoveling, but employed collectors to do the excavations for them. Since both Cope and Marsh were wealthy men and, as one paleontologist once put it, neither was "overly scrupulous" they could lure each others collectors away with promises of more money.

This soon escalated into a full-scale competition to see which scientist could discover the most new species and amass the largest collection. Excavating a new find didn't mean nearly as much as publishing a scientific report on the creature. With this end in mind, Cope spent much of his fortune in buying a controlling interest in the journal American Naturalist so he could more easily speed his articles into publication. Both Cope's and Marsh's articles became less and less informative and more and more attacks on each other, thinly veiled as "scientific criticism."

Out in the field, both men's collectors were busy digging up fossils and spying on each other. In 1877 both teams got wind of large bones at Como Bluff in Wyoming. This turned out to be one of the most significant fossil beds ever found. "...they tell me the bones extend for seven miles and are by the ton..." wrote Samuel Williston, a collector, to Marsh.

The rival collectors started destroying minor and incomplete fossils to prevent the other side from finding them. Fights nearly broke out over digging sites.

Back on the east coast the feud, which had been known only in scientific circles up till then, made the papers. The front page of the January 12, 1890 edition of the New York Herald led with the headline:

SCIENTISTS WAGE BITTER WARFARE

The article contained claims from Cope that Marsh had stolen fossils, plagiarized articles and was generally incompetent. The scientific community was embarrassed, but the Cope/Marsh rivalry heightened the interested of the public in paleontology.

The feud finally came to an end 1897 when Cope (right) died after using up his entire fortune in the dinosaur hunt. Marsh (left), who was better funded because of his connection with the U.S. Geological Survey, was the final winner having a larger collection than Cope and having discovered more species.

However, there is a story that Cope offered a final challenge to Marsh. After his death Cope bequeathed his body to science. He directed that the volume of his skull was to be measured. If Marsh did the same thing, then history would know who was the smarter man.

Marsh didn't take up Cope's challenge, and today we know such a measurement is not a very good indicator of intelligence. Until very recently, however, Cope's skull sat on display in a glass case at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, looking out over the collection he helped to amass. It remains a reminder of those early years of dinosaur discovery in the 19th century.

Virtual Cyclorama: The Paleozoic Museum That Never Was

Copyright Lee Krystek 1999. All Rights Reserved.